The Day Of One Of The Church s Greatest Saints - 2573 Words

June 22nd is the feast day of one of the Church’s greatest saints, Thomas More. St. Thomas More was one of the most gifted men of his day; he was a devout Catholic, brilliant scholar, writer, lawyer, accomplished musician, and loving father. In addition to his many talents, his popular image is one of a man, principled, steadfast, courageous, who placed his own conscience above his king’s demands. It was in London that Thomas More was born on 7 February 1477, the only surviving son of John More and his first wife, Agnes Graunger. John More was a successful lawyer who was later knighted and made a judge of the King’s Bench; he was prosperous enough to send his son to London’s best school. He was well-connected and later secured his son’s appointment as a household page to John Morton, the archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England. From a very young age Thomas More proved himself to be a remarkable man. By his early 20 s he was lecturing on St. Augustine s City of God to some of the foremost minds of his day as well as rising rapidly through the ranks of his profession to become a prominent figure in English society. More’s adolescent years were spent under the reign of Henry VII, the first Tudor king. His patron Morton was infamous as the architect of that king’s very successful, and subsequently very unpopular, tax policy. In 1504, More was elected to Parliament and one of his first acts was to oppose Henry VII’s request of a â€Å"grant† of three-fifteenths.Show MoreRelatedSt. Augustine s Life1283 Words   |  6 PagesMany saints were first some of the most frequent sinners. How could a leopard rub off all of his spots? Can people truly change their ways? Stories of conversion may seem unlikely, but for some they are pure fact. One of the most renowned stories of conversion is the one of Saint Augustine. 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Describe the Four Ways That Transposition Is Controlled Free Essays

Uncontrolled transposition is deleterious to the cell and thus, the frequency of transposition is generally kept to a minimum by various regulatory mechanisms. Describe the FOUR ways that transposition is controlled. Transposition is the movement of a particular fragment of DNA from one part of a genome to another. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe the Four Ways That Transposition Is Controlled or any similar topic only for you Order Now A transposon is a segment of DNA which is capable of moving from a specific location on a DNA molecule to another location on the same or different molecule. For this reason, it is known as a â€Å"jumping element†. The recombination that takes place involves two unrelated sequences.This is unlike other homologous recombination events such as crossovers in meiosis and in transposition; there is a completely new arrangement of genes along the chromosome. A transposon could contain antibiotic resistance genes so that when it inserts itself into its target, it could confer resistance to the host. Transposons have therefore aided the development of plasmids which give multiple drug resistance to certain bacteria. Transposition can be both beneficial and hazardous to the host. Over time, transposons have led to genetic variability and evolution.This is due to their ability to generate mutations by insertion within a host’s genome. However, their insertion can lead to alterations in DNA arrangement such as cause deletions, inversions and chromosome fusions. For this reason, transposition can be deleterious. It is important to understand how the activity of transposable elements is regulated. Transposition activity must be limited so that there is little capacity to damage host DNA but still maintain advantageous features. For this to be achieved, a balance must be struck between too much transposition occurring and too little. This is known as the frequency of transposition. This essay will review the different types of regulatory mechanisms employed. A transposon element consists of three major regions. It contains a gene for transposase, insertion sequences (IS) and a coding region for proteins such as those which give antibiotic resistance. These multiple protein-coding regions lie in between the short, repeated sequences. Transposase employs the joining together of the transposon to the host’s genome through a cut and paste mechanism whereby the enzyme cleaves its transposon and splices its ends to the target sequence.This is known as conservative transposition. The insertion sequences can be direct or inverted repeats of DNA. Directionality is given for being on different ends of a transposon. Transposition occurs because of the insertion sequences in the terminals of the transposon and the transposase enzyme . Composite transposons are similar to simple transposons. Tn5 is an example of a composite transposon because it is flanked by two separate IS elements. Its structure is shown below in figure 1: Figure 1: Tn5 Transposon, adapted from Annual Review Microbiology, 47: 945-63, Reznikoff, 1993The Tn5 encodes two proteins, the transposase enzyme with a related protein and the transposition inhibitor. Since transposons are defined by the specific sequence at its ends, changes in any base pair within these sequences can typically reduce the frequency of and in some cases, completely inhibit transposition. The abundance of the inhibitor is one means of determining the frequency of its transposition. The synthesis of the two proteins that Tn5 codes for is regulated by a set of genetic regulatory elements.The proteins that the host encodes also play a crucial role in the transposition process. The host DNA methylation function also plays a part in controlling transposition because the expression of transposase is sensitive to DNA methylation. The transposase enzyme is highly unstable and in any case, cannot accumulate to very high levels in the cell. This in itself is a self-regulatory mechanism. The expression of transposase is also controlled during translation. This is done by blocking ribosome docking so that transposase translation is minimised.This is mainly seen to occur in Tn10 however. There are therefore many ways in regulating transposition. Most of the above regulatory mechanisms occur in Tn5 except at the translation level, which has seen to occur in Tn10 (Reznikoff, 1993). Mobility of bacterial transposons is usually regulated to approximately 10-3 to 10-8 transpositions per element per bacterial generation (Horak amp; Kivisaar, 1999). The main factor affecting the rate of transposition is the amount of active transposase enzyme available.Without transposase, the transposon would not be able to insert itself into a host’s genome. The mechanisms described briefly above are down-regulatory and must operate frequently at different points of transposase expression to ensure precise control. In the absence of any control mechanisms, the number of transposon copies per cell would increase continuously over time. There are therefore means by which the rate of transposition per copy is reduced as the number of transposon copies rises. The Tn5 contains two nearly identical sequences, IS50R and IS50L.The IS50R is a fully functional transposable element coding for the transposase (Tnp), but the IS50L contains a codon which results in the synthesis of inactive proteins. Therefore, the transposon has two opposing activities. In this way, the Tnp can inhibit the activity of other Tnp molecules. The Tnp, binds to the OE and IE end sequences (see diagram). The IS50R also encodes another protein and this is the inhibitor (Inh). The expression of this inhibitor causes it to bind to the transposase molecule and prevent post-cleavage events. Unlike Tnp, the Inh lacks the N-terminal 55 amino acids.Its function in trans is to inhibit transposition. As well as the activities of both Tnp and Inh, their relative abundance plays a major role in regulating the frequency of transposition (Sasakawa et al, 1982). As the number of Tn5 increases, the concentration of trans-acting Inh increases so as to stop further transposition. However, the amount of cis-acting Tnp remains constant. Transposase is preferentially cis acting. It is now known that there are promoters which program Tnp and Inh syntheses. There is also regulation of these key promoters. The level of transposase is limited primarily by gene translation.This has seen to occur in IS10, IS50, Tn3 and IS903. The translation of mRNAS of the transposases of the IS10 and IS30 regions are inhibited by anti-sense RNAs. This RNA is encoded from a promoter that generates a transcript called â€Å"RNA-OUT† which is complementary to the 5’ end of the transposase mRNA (Nagy amp; Chandler, 2004). The anti-sense RNA pairs with the 5’ end of this mRNA and this blocks ribosome binding. Therefore, translation cannot occur. The anti-sense RNA is a stem-loop structure and pairing is initiated by an interaction between G and C residues at the 5’ end of the mRNA and the top of the loop.Since the anti-sense RNA is tenfold more abundant than the mRNA of transposase, it is more stable so that transposase translation is greatly reduced. In IS10, translation is further reduced due to fold-back inhibition. This is when a region of transposase mRNA pairs with and stops the functioning of the upstream ribosome binding site (Kleckner, 1990). Dam DNA methylation down-regulates the synthesis of Tnp. The bacterial DNA adenine methyltransferase is a product of the dam gene which methylates the N-6 position of adenine on both strands of the DNA symmetrical sequence.IS10, IS50 and IS903 carry the GATC methylation sites in their transposase promoter regions. By methylating these sites, the transposase is inhibited from binding to the IE. A fully methylated transposase promoter does not allow the binding of RNA polymerase yet a hemi-methylated promoter permits this binding. Hemimethylated DNA is generated whenever a methylated GATC site is replicated. The GATC sites are placed strategically in the transposase gene promoter region at one end of the element and in the transposase binding site at the other. Therefore, methylation at these locations affects both transposase gene expression and the transposition process. When these sites hemimethylated, there is an increase in activity of the promoters and hence transposition (Kleckner, 1990). The means by which transposition is controlled were packaged into four fundamental methods. These were the effects of dam methylation, translational regulation, transposase inhibitors and the way in which transposase may be able to self-regulate. There are many more ways in which transposition is regulated.Most of the regulations described above are due to controlling the level of transposase expression as this is the enzyme which allows the transposition mechanics to occur. Other means of regulation are due to the intervention of host protein factors. Again, these directly influence transposase activity and therefore affect the frequency of transposition.References: Alberts, B. , Johnson, A. , Lewis, J. , Raff, M. , Roberts, K. , and Walter, P. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fourth edn (London, Garland Science). Horak, R. , and Kivisaar, M. (1999). Regulation of the transposase of Tn4652 by the transposon-encoded protein TnpC†. Journal of Bacteriology, p 6312-6318, Vol 18, No. 20. Kleckner, N. (1990). â€Å"Regulation of transposition in bacteria†. Annu. Rev. Cell Bio (6): 297-327. Nagy, Z. , and Chandler, M. (2004). â€Å"Regulation of transposition in bacteria†. Research in Microbiology (155): 387-398. Reznikoff, W. S. (1993). â€Å"The Tn5 Transposon†. Annu. Rev. Microbiol (47): 945-63. Sasakawa, C. , John, B. , McDivitt, L. , and Berg, D. E. (1982). â€Å"Control of transposon Tn5 transposition in Escherichia coli†. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, p 7450-7454, Vol. 79. How to cite Describe the Four Ways That Transposition Is Controlled, Papers

Security Mechanism Hacked by POS Malware

Question: Discuss about the Security Mechanism for Hacked by POS Malware. Answer: 1. A security breach is an event which results in an unlawful access of data, service, application or network which bypasses the underlying security mechanism. Computer security is the system which helps to keep the information protected from the theft and also protect the hardware and software information from getting damaged. Computer security protects the information to get harm which may come via network access , code injection and data which caused due to malpractice by the operator. (Krausz,2013). I have chosen an article Eddie Bauer Hacked by POS Malware this article mainly focused on protecting the card through which we pay any bill. Eddie Bauer is a San Francisco-based private company which is a firm of Golden Gate Capital it has 360 stores in the United State and Canada. All these stores of the company get affected by the data breach and 40 stores of this company which was in Germany, southeast Asia and Japan which was safe from a breach. (Schwartz, 2016). The data breach take place by the card payment as nowadays many people prefer to pay the bill through card payment so the personal information of the account is stored in the store computer which was a breach and affect the people as the personal information of their account had been breached. Then the company tells that all the customer personal data are not affected. Then the company determined that the payment card information of the customer which has been used at their retail stores on various dates between January 2, 2016, and July 17, 2016, have been accessed. After that the CEO of the company says that "Not all cardholder transactions during this period were affected. Payment card information which is used by online at eddiebauer.com was not affected they are safe. The CEO of the company told that they are investigating for it and they will find out the attacker as soon as possible and they have also alerted the FBI about this attack to protect the data of the customer. The CEO of the company also told that because of the caution they will offer an identity protection service to all the customer who had the purchases the product from their store and do the card payment between the 2nd January 2016 to 17th July 2016. This incident takes place in the month of august in 2016. After all this the company decided to do something to protect the payment system so they use the computer security system to protect the data and keep it in a secure way. They keep all the information with an id and password which can only be seen by the staff of the store. They also keep some of the data encrypted so nobody can see it. Which the only computer will detect but no one can see the information of the customer. To keep the data secure during billing by a card payment the customer should take care of some of the things so the other cannot affect their details. Some of the thing which should be notify by the customer are, they should be aware of the expedited shipping when there shipping and billing address are different. When the billing and shipping address is different and the customer is forcefully asking for expedited shipping then there is the high possibility of having fraud. We should always make sure about the IP location and credit card address both should match up. One way to clarify the transactions detail , is to check all IP addresses which initiate from countries where the people are not offer shipping. Then people should also watch out the some of the suspicious email accounts. As we can notice that some of the email addresses are dead but steal are in use and you will receive a fraudulent order, so before doing the transaction always check the email address and placed the ord er. Keep a log of credit card number. Before paying the bill people should check the online store is valid or not. Because sometimes some of the website are fraud and they only take the money and take the account detail by all this. So always keep a security code safe so no one can do the transaction from your card. 2. Information security has different types of laws which are mainly designed to protect the personal credentials information and from an unlawful disclosure, access, achievement or some other situation where the unlawful person have access the personally identifiable information for an unauthorized purpose. In health cares data breach notification law is typically requires to covers the entities to execute the breach notification policy, and also report and handle the breach notification. Data breach mainly takes place in any healthcare when there is the loss or theft of any unlawful access to data which contain sensitive or personal information. Data breach covers mainly the personal identification information or individual identification information. In health care management the data are always needed to keep secure as the patient information should be kept secure as mainly personal information is kept in that of an individual person which should be only known by the doctor and patient so data security in the healthcare management is very important in health care. Some of the current laws of information security focus closely on the industry which is specific use of information like the details of the credit report of the medical data relatively than protecting the privacy of the individual. Some of the people believes that protecting the personal information is important then the credit information. Medical data breach means stealing the information of health which includes the personal health information of any human being electronic health record or the medical billing information from their health insurance. As I have done a research of Anthem medical data breach case which takes place on 4th February in the year 2015. The problem in this anthem medical data breach was that in the year 2015 it disclose the criminal hacker who have broken the servers and potentially stolen 37.5 million records from the healthcare system which contain all the personal identification information from the server. Then after few days it came to know that in Anthem has raised the number into 78.8 million peoples data has been affected. (Riley, 2015). According to the anthem the data breach of the medical data has been extended into multiples brands of Anthem Inc. which are use in market as its own healthcare plans which include Anthem Blue Cross as well as the Blue Shield. It also says that all the medical information and financial data of the brand was not compromised. The anthem also faces the problem like civil lawsuits for not having the data encrypted. The data of Anthem was stolen just before the data br each was discovered. (Mathews, 2015). . After the attack company anthem has provided an advisory to the people that whose data has been stolen should always monitor their account and remain watchful of the theft. After that Anthem Inc has a budget of 50 million dollars for the security of the Infrastructure and the facilities. To prevent the attack anthem take some vital step to protect the data. The first security layer is the Login ID and password for the employees and patients. The second step is a started to give the card, token, or a Smartphone app which will produce a temporary password or a lengthy number which will be changed in every hour and minute. Anthem management was not aware about the security arrangement in the company and how much protective that should be. Two layer securities are considered as a best security stage for the company but Anthem did not have two layered security arrangement. Once the anthem has exposed the attack then many IT area were shut down which did not require the two-factor authentication. After that in 7th and 8th February Anthem again reworked all its account which had given the privileged access to the sensitive information which requires the three authentications. The authentications are login, physical token, and a temporary password which will change in every few hours or minutes. After doing all this till now the Anthem still does not know more about the source of the breach like who are stealing the information and how. The ongoing security policies should be as per the industry standard. Federal government also provide some set of rules and regulation to each company which need to be implementing for perfect Infrastructure security inside the organization. Management can ensure the effectiveness of the current security policy by some external security audit and taking feedback from the employees as well. The maintenances of the ongoing s ecurity measures is also required for the proper function of the company. Companies can also adopt the ISO guideline for the security of the company and the data of the consumers. References: Schwartz.M.J., (2016). Eddie Bauer Hacked by POS Malware. houston. (2016). Data breach at health insurer anthem could impact Millions. Retrieved August 25, 2016, from https://krebsonsecurity.com/2015/02/data-breach-at-health-insurer-anthem-could-impact-millions/ MathewSchwartzJ. (2016, August 19). Eddie Bauer hacked by POS Malware. Retrieved August 25, 2016, from https://www.databreachtoday.in/eddie-bauer-hacked-by-pos-malware-a-9348 Krausz, M. (2013). The true cost of information security breaches: A business approach. London, United Kingdom: IT Governance Publishing Riley, C. (2015, February 4). Insurance giant anthem hit by massive data breach. CNN. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2015/02/04/technology/anthem-insurance-hack-data-security/ Mathews, A. W. (2015, February 24). Anthem: Hacked database included 78.8 Million people. . Retrieved fromm https://www.wsj.com/articles/anthem-hacked-database-included-78-8-million-people-1424807364 Houston. (2016). Data breach at health insurer anthem could impact Millions. Retrieved August 25, 2016, from https://krebsonsecurity.com/2015/02/data-breach-at-health-insurer-anthem-could-impact-millions/